What Does Greenwashing Mean? (9 Real Life Examples)

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James Miller
By 
James is an environmentalist, sustainability expert and senior editor at TheRoundup, specializing in testing non-toxic, organic and eco-friendly products. James, his wife and two daughters believe in chemical-free and zero-waste living. They aim to leave the planet in a better state than we found it, for future generations to enjoy.
James Miller
Updated: March 4, 2025

The number of environmentally conscious consumers voting with their dollars is growing year on year, so going green has never been a more profitable business strategy than it is right now.

Green business practices not only bring in more customers. They also give a favorable public image and can even bring in government support and funding.

This creates a fantastic win-win situation, right? Companies commit to eco-friendly and sustainable business practices that help save the planet. Customers then love them for it and spend loads of money.

More profit for the companies and a cleaner, greener world for many generations to come. What a fantastic eco-utopia we live in!

Well. Actually. NO!

What Is Greenwashing?

Some companies, quite a lot of companies, in fact, have decided they want all the upside associated with sustainability without, you know, ACTUALLY BEING GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE!

This is called greenwashing (sometimes also called green lies, green sheen, or green marketing).

Greenwashing, a term coined by environmentalist Jay Westerveld in 1986, is when a company attempts to trick consumers who are looking to live a greener lifestyle into thinking their products are environmentally friendly when they are not.

This deceitful practice is, unfortunately, a lot more common than you probably think.

Read on as I unveil some of the tricks used to pull the green wool over consumers’ eyes to add a few bucks to the bottom line.

Greenwashing Explained

Types Of Greenwashing

Dishonest companies will stop at nothing to take advantage of the growing number of customers keen to spend their money on eco-friendly products.

Here are some of the ways they do it:

Misleading Eco Images

This type of greenwashing is when product labels or ad campaigns use nature, animals, leaves, the color green, etc., on their products or services. These images are usually associated with a sustainable message and environmentally friendly products.

When used in a deliberate act of greenwashing, these images give consumers the feeling that the product or service is eco-friendly. The truth is usually very different.

Example: Most bottled water brands have pictures of lush mountains or beautifully crystal clean streams. The reality is that single-use water bottles are a huge contributor to global plastic waste, and an environmental disaster.

Bait And Switch

Bait and switch greenwashing is when a company offers a limited line of eco-friendly goods or services to attract green-minded customers to engage with their brand (the bait).

Once the customer is ‘on the hook’, they’re presented with a much more extensive range of products that are not eco-friendly (the switch).

Example: A reseller in the timber industry stocks 300 different types of wood products. Only one is FSC certified, but this is one they use in all their advertising campaigns. The customer then shops the entire range of wood products, wrongly assuming they’re all FSC certified.

Irrelevant Claims

Greenwashing using irrelevant claims is when companies use eco-friendly sounding claims to make them sound earth-friendly, when in fact, the claim they’re making is totally irrelevant.

Example: A deodorant company proudly states on the can that their entire product range is CFC Free. This is an irrelevant claim because CFCs have been banned, meaning every brand of deodorant is CFC-free by law.

Clickbait

Clickbait is a term used online to describe something that tempts you to click on a link only to find that what you see is not what you were initially promised.

In the world of greenwashing, clickbait is used to describe when a company or individual tries to try to make money from customers with lies. This is often done by labeling products as ‘organic’, ‘recyclable, ‘biodegradable’, ‘certified’, etc., when they simply aren’t.

Some companies even go as far as making up certifications or regulatory bodies.

Example: An energy company supplies natural gas certified as non-toxic by the European Union Gas Board Of Awesome Sustainable Brands. This means absolutely nothing because it’s a made regulatory body.

Zero-Proof / No Receipts

Zero-proof, or no receipts, greenwashing is a type of clickbait greenwashing (mentioned above). It usually occurs when companies put claims on their labels or in ad campaigns that they can’t prove.

When asked for proof there is always an excuse, usually something to do with ‘competitive sensitivity’ or ‘trade secrets.

Example: A manufacturer of organic cigarettes has self-declared that their product is ‘as safe as breathing mountain air’. You ask them to prove this, and they say they can’t because it would reveal their ‘secret formula’ to competitors.

The Red Herring

Red herring greenwashing (also known as hidden trade-offs or lesser of two evils) is when companies make one tiny part of their product eco-friendly and then shout about it endlessly, even though the bulk of the product is potentially terrible for the environment.

Genuine companies will be more than happy to provide more information on things like energy consumption, water pollution, emissions, etc.

Example: A non-rechargeable battery company used packaging containing 5% recycled content. They then claim it’s an eco-friendly battery, but it’s not. The green packaging does not make up for the chemicals the product will potentially leak into the earth when they hit landfill.

Vagueness

Vagueness greenwashing tricks the customer into thinking a product or service is better for the planet than it is by using eco terminology in a vague context.

Phrases commonly used for this type of greenwashing include ‘eco-friendly’, ‘social responsibility’, and ‘all natural’.

Always try to investigate the how when you see vague terms.

Example: If pet food is advertised as ‘all natural’, dig a little deeper and find out exactly how natural it really is.

Reducing The Environmental Impact Of Greenwashing With Regulation

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Green Guides were first issued in 1992 in response to the growing problem of greenwashing. They have since been revised in 1996, 1998, and 2012. You can read the latest update here.

The FTC is a government agency helping protect consumers against unlawful, immoral, and unethical business practices.

Avoiding Greenwashing

There are two things you can do to avoid greenwashing and hold the disreputable companies to account:

1. Identify False Eco-Friendly Claims

There are many steps you can take to help in the fight against greenwashing and identify guilty parties:

  • Scrutinize: Get a good understanding of what the eco claim refers to. For example, is it the packaging, the product inside, or the whole lot?
  • Find proof: Does the package explain the green claim? Or maybe their website? If not, contact the company directly and ask them for proof of their green claim.
  • Do your homework: Take the time to do some deep digging into each green claim a company makes. Are they using one of the greenwashing types I mentioned earlier?
  • Validate Claims: If the company uses well-known certifications or ecolabels, then contact the regulatory body that manages them and check they have the right to use them. If the ecolabel being used is one you’ve never heard of, do some digging to make sure it’s not bogus.
  • Block out the noise: Ignore all the green imagery and eco noise on the packaging and marketing. Deal in facts!
  • Trust your gut: If your gut tells you that you’ve discovered greenwashing, then you probably have.
  • Interrogate: If you’re convinced that a company is greenwashing, go back to them and interrogate them. Ask questions about everything on your mind. How is it made? What is it made of? How should it be discarded? When did it become certified? Do they have proof?

2. Take Action Against False Environmentally Friendly Claims

If, after going through the steps mentioned above, you discover a product or service has been greenwashed, you should then take action in the following ways:

  • Vote with your $$$: The most effective action you can take as a consumer is not to buy anything manufactured by a greenwashing company ever again. When demand for a product or service drops, it will make the company think twice about its greenwashing tactics.
  • Warn others: Let other like-minded eco-conscious consumers know about your discoveries by posting on forums, etc. The result will be even more people voting with their wallets, and this will put the greenwashing company out of business even faster.
  • Contact the FTC: Let the FTC know your concerns and ask them to investigate further.

Real-World Examples Of Greenwashed Products

You now know the different types of greenwashing to look out for, how to identify if a company is greenwashing, and what to do to stop them.

Hopefully, this information will help you avoid greenwashed products in the future.

I would like to finish this article by discussing a few real-world examples of how far companies will go to make themselves look more environmentally friendly than they are.

Walmart’s Sustainability Campaign

In 2012 the Institute For Local Self-Reliance (ILSR) published a report titled “Walmart’s Greenwash”.

It accused Walmart of making unsubstantiated claims about reducing its carbon footprint by reducing reliance on fossil fuel and moving to more sustainable energy such as natural gas, solar, and wind.

Walmart used these claims in marketing material that saw the overall image of the company dramatically improve, despite only 2% of their energy use coming from wind and solar resources.

The report also highlighted the hypocrisy of these sustainability claims when, according to ILSR, Walmart routinely donates money to political candidates who regularly vote against environmentally friendly projects and sustainable development.

The retail giant responded to the report with a press release saying it was “serious about its commitment to reduce 20 million tons of greenhouse gas emissions by 2015”. I’ve contacted them to confirm whether this commitment was ever met and currently await a satisfactory reply. I’ll update this article if I ever get a definitive answer from them.

Volkswagen’s Clean Diesel

Volkswagen ran multiple advertising campaigns stating that diesel was not a bad fuel source and their diesel internal combustion engine vehicles were not contributing to climate change because they used a technology that emitted low levels of air pollution and carbon dioxide.

In 2015 it was revealed that Volkswagen had fitted around 11 million of its diesel cars with ‘defeat devices’, designed to cheat emissions tests. Investigators later found that some of these vehicles that have previously passed all tests emitted pollutants up to 40 times the U.S. limit.

In April 2017, a US federal judge ordered Volkswagen to pay a criminal fine of $2.8 billion for cheating emissions tests and deceptive advertising. However, this classic greenwashing scandal has ended up costing Volkswagen over 30 billion euros.

ExxonMobil's Greenhouse Gas Emissions

In an ad during the opening ceremonies of the Olympics in 2016, ExxonMobil greenwashed their emissions by claiming they were “mapping the oceans”, “turning algae into biofuel”, and “defeating malaria”.

In actual fact, the harmful effects of ExxonMobil emissions had been increasing for many years.

SC Johnson’s Windex Vinegar Ocean Plastic Bottle

SC Johnson claimed it had developed the world’s first window-cleaner bottle made from 100% recycled ocean plastic.

This claim suggested that the plastic was retrieved from the ocean. This was not the case. It was sourced from plastic banks in Haiti, the Philippines, and Indonesia. The plastic used  might have eventually found its way into the ocean, but it’s a bit of a stretch to call it ‘Ocean Plastic’.

Frito Lay

Frito Lay is a significant player in the snack industry. They also know a thing or two about greenwashing.

They renamed their main potato chips brand from Classic Lays Potato Chips to Natural Lay’s Potato Chips to sound more natural and, by association, more healthy.

They also opted for a more earth-toned package to emphasize the environmentally-friendly message.

However, on closer inspection of the labels, the only difference between the Natural and Classic versions is the thickness of the chips and a slight variation of the oil and salt. There is zero difference in the grams of fat or the number of calories.

So, it’s just the same unhealthy product greenwashed to trick the consumer into thinking it’s healthier.

Starbucks Plastic Straw Ban

In 2018, Starbucks wanted to green up the company’s image, so they banned all single-use plastic straws and launched a straw-less lid.

Sounds great, right? Well, it should have been, except for the fact that the new lid contained more plastic than the old lid and straw combined.

Coloring While The World Burns

Paseo, made by Asia Pulp and Paper (APP), launched a range of tissues for children. To appeal to their target audience, the tissue box had outlines of forest animals such as elephants, orangutans, and tigers for children to color in.

APP boasted that the tissues were made from 100% sustainably sourced, plantation-grown acacia virgin fiber.

Sounds great! Although, maybe not so great when you research and discover that APP has faced numerous allegations of clearing and burning animal habitats in Indonesia. An endangered Sumatran tiger was also found dead in a trap on APP’s land.

IKEA Buy Back Friday

Ikea marketed its Buy Back initiative as a way to combat the excess and waste that occur around Black Friday.

Customers in 27 countries were permitted to sell unwanted fully assembled drawer units, tables, chairs, cabinets, desks, shelving, and cupboards back to IKEA in return for vouchers.

On the surface, this sounds like a great way to reduce unwanted impulse purchases going to landfill.

Not everyone was convinced. An article in Euronews questioned whether the scheme was an attempt at greenwashing because they had made misleading green claims in the past (such as being linked with illegal logging in Ukraine.

Vegan Leather

Vegan Leather is a material where greenwashing is rife.

The marketing departments of vegan leather manufacturers will go to great lengths to sing about how their product will reduce emissions (due to no cows being raised and slaughtered) and also result in a lower purchase price.

They conveniently (for them!) fail to address the negative impact on the environment of the plastics used in many vegan leather products.

As Harpers Bazaar points out, the answer is not black and white. Some vegan leathers are plant-based and very green, but many aren’t. However, if you believed the greenwashing hype machine, you would be forgiven for thinking that all vegan leather products are better for the environment than animal-based leather products.

Summary

Greenwashing has been around for decades but has escalated alarmingly in past years due to the growing consumer demand for green products.

Hopefully, this article has given you a good idea of what to look out for and what to do when you feel someone is trying to trick you into buying a product you think is good for the environment, but actually isn’t.

There is a simple answer to the greenwashing problem. YOU! If we all hold companies accountable by refusing to buy any of their products if they practice greenwashing, it will eventually come to an end.

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James Miller
James Miller
James is an environmentalist, sustainability expert and senior editor at TheRoundup, specializing in testing non-toxic, organic and eco-friendly products. James, his wife and two daughters believe in chemical-free and zero-waste living. They aim to leave the planet in a better state than we found it, for future generations to enjoy.
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