Are Mattresses Toxic? 6 Common Chemicals Lurking in Your Bed

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James Miller
By 
James is an environmentalist, sustainability expert and senior editor at TheRoundup, specializing in testing non-toxic, organic and eco-friendly products. James, his wife and two daughters believe in chemical-free and zero-waste living. They aim to leave the planet in a better state than we found it, for future generations to enjoy.
James Miller
Updated: April 15, 2024

Did you know the average person spends about one-third of their life sleeping? I mention this a lot but it's worth repeating because we probably spend more time in bed than any other single location.

With so much time spent in close contact with them, it's crucial to ask: Are mattresses toxic? Just what are the substances we're being exposed to for so many hours every day?

Unless you have a non-toxic mattress, the materials you sleep on could impact your health more than you think.

This article will explore the most commonly found toxic chemicals in mattresses, their potential health risks (including skin allergies, respiratory issues, or even cancer), and regulatory measures.

I'll also show you some safer alternatives and share some tips for reducing your exposure.

Which Mattress Types Could be Toxic?

montage showing 4 different types of mattress

There are a number of different mattress types on the market, and the use of toxic substances is common in (almost) all of them, depending on the materials they contain.

Traditional Innerspring Mattresses

These use a steel coil support system. They are widely available and generally less expensive but for a reason - they usually contain synthetic materials and chemical flame retardants.

Memory Foam Mattresses

Memory foam is popular for its contouring and pressure-relieving features. However, it's essential to note that many manufacturers make memory foam from polyurethane.

Polyurethane foam mattresses can contain various chemicals that may off-gas volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which present a potential health hazard.

Latex Mattresses

Latex mattresses can be made from natural, synthetic, or blended latex.

  • Natural latex is derived from the sap of the rubber tree and is less likely to contain toxic materials.
  • Synthetic latex, on the other hand, is made from petrochemicals and may contain various additives, including but not limited to styrene and butadiene.
  • Blended latex combines both natural and synthetic latex.

Organic and Natural Mattresses

These are usually made from a combination of organic cotton, wool, or latex. They usually have labels like GOTS or GOLS, ensuring they meet specific organic standards.

They often also have OEKO-TEX or GreenGuard Gold status, which verifies that the product is safe, non-toxic, and virtually 100% chemical-free.

Air Mattresses and Water Beds

While less common for everyday use, air mattresses and water beds offer alternative sleeping surfaces.

  • Air mattresses are generally made from PVC, which can contain additives like phthalates that are potentially harmful.
  • Water beds are often made from PVC or other vinyl materials, which may also contain similar additives.

Therefore, while they may not contain the same chemicals found in polyurethane foam and innerspring mattresses, they come with their own set of considerations.

Common Chemicals Found in Mattresses

range of chemicals found in household furniture

Understanding the mattress chemicals is crucial for assessing their safety. Here's a closer look at some of the most common substances you might encounter, why they are used, and some of the side effects they may cause.

Flame Retardants

These are chemicals added to synthetic mattresses to slow down the spread of fire.

While this may sound like a good thing, many flame-retardant substances, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), have been linked to a range of health issues, including hormone disruption and neurological problems.

Some PBDEs are classified as persistent organic pollutants, meaning they can bioaccumulate in the environment, in wildlife, and in your body over time.

Formaldehyde

Formaldehyde is a volatile organic compound often used in adhesives for all types of furniture. It's a known carcinogen that can be released into the air, leading to potential breathing difficulties and eye irritation.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified formaldehyde as a Group 1 carcinogen, meaning it's carcinogenic to humans.

Phthalates

Phthalates are a group of chemicals used to make plastics more flexible and more durable. They are often found in vinyl (which can be used in the waterproof covers of synthetic crib mattresses) and PVC.

These chemicals can disrupt hormones and have been linked to reproductive abnormalities, childhood obesity, thyroid cancer, and breast cancer. Some phthalates are banned in children's mattresses, but they are still commonly found in adult versions.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

VOCs are a broad category of chemicals including ethylene glycol that can be emitted from synthetic foam.

These can impact your indoor air quality, which can irritate the eyes, nose, and throat, and have been linked to headaches and loss of coordination. Long-term inhalation of VOCs can also lead to chronic respiratory problems and other health issues.

Some studies suggest that your body heat can cause your mattress to emit higher quantities of VOCs while you are sleeping.

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs)

PBDEs are a specific type of fire retardant that has been largely phased out due to health concerns but one type (DecaBDE) continues to be used.

PBDEs have been linked to neurological development issues in children and hormone disruption. It's also classified as a possible human carcinogen.

They are also persistent in the environment and can bioaccumulate in animal and human tissue.

Polyurethane Foam and Isocyanates

Polyurethane foam, commonly used in memory foam mattresses, can contain isocyanates among other chemicals. Isocyanates are a family of reactive, low-molecular-weight chemicals.

They are not covered by OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) regulations and are widely used in the manufacture of flexible and rigid foams, fibers, coatings such as paints and varnishes, and elastomers.
Exposure to isocyanates can result in irritation of the skin and mucous membranes, tightness of the chest, and breathing difficulties. More severe health effects, such as asthma and other lung problems, may also occur over time.

Potential Health Risks

health issues caused by exposure to chemicals

Chemicals and flame retardants in mattresses can have real implications for your health. I've touched on some of these above, but it's worth going into more detail about each of the potential health effects here.

Allergic Reactions

Allergic reactions to mattresses can manifest in various ways, including skin rashes, itching, and even difficulty breathing. These reactions are sometimes triggered by natural latex, but more often by synthetic materials.

If you are allergic to latex, it can cause symptoms ranging from mild skin irritation to anaphylactic shock in severe cases. You should therefore look for a latex-free organic mattress.

Respiratory Issues

Chemicals like formaldehyde and VOCs can exacerbate existing conditions like asthma and may even contribute to the development of chronic respiratory diseases.

They can also irritate the eyes, nose, and throat and have been linked to headaches and loss of coordination.

Neurological Concerns

Substances like polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) has been linked to neurological development issues in children, including when pregnant mothers have been exposed.

Studies have shown that these chemicals can affect learning and memory, lower IQ, and may even contribute to hyperactivity disorders.

Cancer Risks

Some of the chemicals commonly found in mattresses have been classified as potential or probable carcinogens by organizations like the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). While the risk is generally considered to be low, especially when compared to other more direct forms of exposure, it's still a concern that shouldn't be overlooked.

Long-term exposure to these chemicals through inhalation or skin contact could potentially increase the risk of developing cancer.

Endocrine Disruption

Phthalates and certain fire retardants are classed as endocrine disruptors (EDs) which can interfere with the endocrine system, affecting hormones and potentially leading to reproductive issues.

For example, some phthalates have been shown to disrupt testosterone levels and have been linked to reproductive abnormalities.

Long-term Exposure vs. Short-term Exposure Risks

While short-term chemical exposure may not cause immediate harm, long-term exposure can accumulate and lead to more serious health issues over time. The risks are particularly concerning for children and pregnant women, who are more vulnerable to the effects of toxic materials.

Regulatory Measures and Certifications

regulations and non toxic verification labels

Finding a safe mattress isn't always straightforward and it can be confusing. Fortunately, there are several regulatory measures and eco-credentials that can guide you.

U.S. Regulations

In the United States, mattresses must meet Federal Flammability Standards, which often leads manufacturers to use chemical flame retardants. To avoid these, look for the CertiPUR-US label. It ensures that the foam used is made without ozone depleters, heavy metals, or other potentially toxic chemicals.

California Regulations

Specific to California, the Technical Bulletin 117-2013 (TB 117-2013) allows for fire safety without the mandatory use of harmful fireproofing methods. This often sets a precedent for other states to follow.

European Regulations

In Europe, the OEKO-TEX Standard 100 label is common. It tests for harmful substances in textiles. It's a rigorous standard that goes beyond just looking at the surface material, examining all components including threads and buttons.

OEKO-TEX Standard 100 is also frequently found on products sold in the US & Canada.

Organic Certifications

For those interested in organic options, the Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS) and the Global Organic Latex Standard (GOLS) are two key credentials to look for. GOTS ensures that at least 95% of the materials are certified organic, while GOLS applies specifically to latex products.

Safer Alternatives

When you're trying to build a sleeping environment that is both comfortable and safe, there are several alternatives to consider.

Organic and Natural Mattresses

Organic and natural mattresses often use materials like organic cotton, wool, and natural latex. Organic materials do not contain chemicals of any sort and often come with certifications like GOTS and GOLS.

Natural Flame Retardants

Organic wool is naturally flame-resistant and can meet fire safety standards without the need for additional treatments.

Certifications to Look For

When shopping for a safer mattress, look for labels like GreenGuard Gold, CertiPUR-US for foam, and OEKO-TEX Standard 100 for textiles. These ensure that the product has been tested for a range of harmful substances.

Cost vs. Benefits Analysis

While organic and sustainable goods can be more expensive upfront, the long-term health benefits may outweigh the initial cost. Consider this an investment in your well-being, especially if you are sensitive to chemicals or have pre-existing health conditions.

Tips for Reducing Exposure to Toxic Chemicals

Understanding the potential risks associated with conventional mattresses is crucial, but it's equally important to know how to mitigate these risks. Here are some practical tips for reducing your exposure to harmful chemicals:

Allow for "Off-Gassing" in a Well-Ventilated Area

New mattresses often emit a strong chemical smell due to "off-gassing," the release of VOCs into the air, which can take a lot of time to fully complete.

To minimize exposure, let new furniture air out in a well-ventilated area for at least 48 hours before using it.

Note that organic mattresses do not off-gas, so this is typically not necessary.

Non-Toxic Mattress Covers, Protectors and Pads

Using a non-toxic mattress topper or pad made from organic or natural materials can act as a barrier between you and the potentially toxic substances in your mattress. Look for covers that are certified organic or made from natural fibers like cotton or wool.

Regular Cleaning and Maintenance

Many people don't realize that you can and should clean latex and foam mattresses.

Regularly vacuuming the surface, and using a damp cloth to wipe away dust, can help reduce the accumulation of allergens and chemicals. However, avoid using harsh chemical cleaners, as they can add to the problem.

Replacing Mattresses at Appropriate Intervals

Conventional mattresses generally have a lifespan of 7-10 years.

However, organic mattresses, which are made from higher-quality materials, can last 20 years or more.

Opt for Organic and Natural Mattresses

One of the most effective ways to reduce chemical exposure is to opt for an organic or natural mattress.

They are made from materials like organic cotton, wool, and natural latex, which are free from the harmful chemicals mentioned above. Credentials like GOTS or GOLS, assure you of their safety and quality.

The Role of Companies and Manufacturers

Ethical Responsibility for Safer Products

Companies have an ethical responsibility to produce mattresses that are safe for consumers. This includes not only adhering to existing regulations but also proactively researching and implementing safer materials and manufacturing processes.

Transparency in Materials and Manufacturing Processes

Consumers have a right to know what materials are used in the products they buy, and how they are made. Some mattress manufacturers are leading the way in transparency by providing detailed information about the materials used, the manufacturing process, and any third-party certificates.

How Companies are Innovating for Safer, Less-Toxic Options

In response to growing consumer awareness and demand, some mattress companies are innovating by developing safer, less-toxic options. These include mattresses made from organic cotton, wool, and natural latex, as well as those that use plant-based flame retardants.

The Final Word

Today, you've learned how various types of mattresses come with their own sets of chemicals and potential health risks.

While regulations exist to ensure some level of safety, they are not uniform across the board, and far less strict than many people would feel comfortable with. Companies are beginning to recognize their ethical responsibility and are innovating to create safer, less-toxic options.

Before making your next purchase, consider the materials, the chemicals, and the certifications.

Our guide to the best non-toxic mattresses can help you find one that is healthy, suitable for your needs, and affordable at any budget.

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James Miller
James Miller
James is an environmentalist, sustainability expert and senior editor at TheRoundup, specializing in testing non-toxic, organic and eco-friendly products. James, his wife and two daughters believe in chemical-free and zero-waste living. They aim to leave the planet in a better state than we found it, for future generations to enjoy.
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